46: Energy poverty

Energy poverty refers to households being unable to afford basic energy needs. Measurement approaches include assessing energy consumption relative to energy requirements, objective expenditure and subjective indicators like the inability to heat the home. Determinants include energy prices, requirements (related to energy efficiency) and low incomes. Energy poverty can lead to premature death, health issues, trade-offs with necessities like food and hot water, healthcare sector costs and social consequences. Vulnerable groups include low-income households, renters, the unemployed, those with low education, ethnic minorities, individuals with low English proficiency, older people, disabled people, women, students, single parents, lone persons and the socially isolated. Solutions may involve price regulation, financial support, protection policies against energy interruptions and energy efficiency improvements.