Abstract
Global material sourcing is undergoing an unprecedented transformation, particularly in the critical steel and battery sectors,
which underpin infrastructure, mobility, and the global clean energy transition. Driven by a complex interplay of geopolitical
tensions, climate imperatives, technological innovation, and market volatility, the sourcing of raw materials has become a focal
point of industrial strategy and policy debate. This review explores the structural shifts and strategic responses shaping material
supply chains in the 21st century. China’s industrial rise, the decline of traditional producers, and the systemic vulnerabilities
of lean global supply chains are analyses through empirical and theoretical lenses. The paper evaluates the adoption of
decarbonisation technologies such as Electric Arc Furnaces (EAF) and hydrogen-based steelmaking, as well as the evolving
chemistry and circular economy potential in lithium-ion battery production. In doing so, it highlights the risks posed by Critical
Raw Material (CRM) dependencies, ethical supply concerns, and the uneven global policy landscape. Digital innovations and
life cycle assessment frameworks are presented as enabling tools for transparency and sustainability. Ultimately, this review
argues for a reorientation of global sourcing strategies centred on resilience, circularity, and governance to achieve climate
targets and equitable industrial growth.
which underpin infrastructure, mobility, and the global clean energy transition. Driven by a complex interplay of geopolitical
tensions, climate imperatives, technological innovation, and market volatility, the sourcing of raw materials has become a focal
point of industrial strategy and policy debate. This review explores the structural shifts and strategic responses shaping material
supply chains in the 21st century. China’s industrial rise, the decline of traditional producers, and the systemic vulnerabilities
of lean global supply chains are analyses through empirical and theoretical lenses. The paper evaluates the adoption of
decarbonisation technologies such as Electric Arc Furnaces (EAF) and hydrogen-based steelmaking, as well as the evolving
chemistry and circular economy potential in lithium-ion battery production. In doing so, it highlights the risks posed by Critical
Raw Material (CRM) dependencies, ethical supply concerns, and the uneven global policy landscape. Digital innovations and
life cycle assessment frameworks are presented as enabling tools for transparency and sustainability. Ultimately, this review
argues for a reorientation of global sourcing strategies centred on resilience, circularity, and governance to achieve climate
targets and equitable industrial growth.
| Original language | English |
|---|---|
| Journal | The Extractive Industries and Society |
| Publication status | Published - 8 Nov 2025 |
Keywords
- Critical Raw Materials (CRMs); steel industry; battery supply chains