A comprehensive review on design, monitoring, and failure in offshore platforms,

Offshore platforms have had diverse applications in the marine industry, for example, oil or gas platforms are places where temporarily store oil and gas to be transported to refineries. Offshore wind turbines are another well-known use of the offshore platform for generating power. As the platforms encounter various strong forces by water and wind currents, the material of these structures is mainly made of steel or concrete. These platforms are classified into different types according to the depth of water and their applications. In addition, offshore platforms known as artificial reefs can be used for decades and affect the marine life of different species. Consequently, their design and maintenance are very important, otherwise, they can cause ir-reparable damage to the environment.
This paper presents the latest and most significant design and monitoring methods such as op-timal probabilistic seismic demand model, multi-objective optimization, dynamic response as-sessment, robust fault-tolerant control, etc., under different environmental and geographical conditions. Moreover, the effective factors on the life and failure of these offshore structures were comprehensively introduced to enhance awareness associated with them, which can be very helpful to improve the design and construction of more reliable and durable ones.