Capacitive resistive monopolar radiofrequency (CRMRF) therapy at 448 KHz: localized application significantly enhances and sustains skin physiological responses

Radiofrequency electromagnetic field (RFEMF) based electrophysical agents have been employed in therapy-related clinical practice for several decades. They are used to reduce pain and inflammation and enhance tissue healing. The most commonly used and hence the most widely researched are continuous and pulsed shortwave therapies (operating frequency 27.12 MHz). However, devices operating at significantly lower RF ranges (below 1 MHz) have also been reported and have become commercially available claiming to be clinically effective albeit with limited evidence