Global Survey on Novel Psychoactive Substances & Effects of Ketamine in Lower Urinary tract

Global Survey on Novel Psychoactive Substances & Effects of Ketamine in Lower Urinary tract Introduction Over the last decade Novel Psychoactive Substances(NPS) and ketamine recreational use have been a substantial threat for public health. This global study aimed to indicate the level of public awareness of ketamine and NPS recreational use and investigate ketamine’s action in lower urinary tract(LUT) from . Methodology A literature review was carried out on NPS and pre-clinical/clinical studies of ketamine’s effect in LUT and a global survey was conducted to investigate the awareness of NPS use and collect users’ reports. Results From the total of 168 respondents the 64.9% was aware of NPS. Awareness was significantly affected according to sexual preference (p<0.05) and employment (p<0.05). From the total participants(168) the 14.30% was users of NPS. The use of NPS was significantly affected according to age (p<0.01) and employment (p<0.01). The majority of users (45.24%) stated a clear preference on ketamine use. The pre-clinical/clinical studies indicated that prolonged ketamine use in high concentrations and frequency can cause inflammation in LUT and bladder dysfunction. Pathophysiological/histological changes in LUT were observed in long-term recreational ketamine users. Conclusion A great percentage of public is still unaware about the use of NPS and their serious potential health risks. Pre-clinical/clinical data indicate that dosages and frequencies of ketamine administration are associated with the bladder toxicity and LUT symptoms. Further investigation on the impact of ketamine long-term administration is required in clinical practice