TY - JOUR
T1 - In-ADC, Rank-Order Filter for Digital Pixel Sensors
AU - Kłosowski, Miron
AU - Sun, Yichuang
AU - Jendernalik, Waldemar
AU - Blakiewicz,, Grzegorz
AU - Jakusz, Jacek
AU - Szczepanski, Stanislaw
N1 - © 2023 The Author(s). Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (CC BY), https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/
PY - 2023/12/21
Y1 - 2023/12/21
N2 - This paper presents a new implementation of the rank-order filter, which is established on a parallel-operated array of single-slope (SS) analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). The SS ADCs use an “on-the-ramp processing” technique, i.e., filtration is performed along with analog-to-digital conversion, so the final states of the converters represent a filtered image. A proof-of-concept 64 × 64 array of SS ADCs, integrated with MOS photogates, was fabricated using a standard 180 nm CMOS process. The measurement results demonstrate the full functionality of the novel filter concept, with image acquisition in both single-sampling and correlated-double-sampling (CDS) modes (CDS is digitally performed using ADCs). The experimental, massively parallel rank-order filter can process 650 frames per second with a power consumption of 4.81 mW.
AB - This paper presents a new implementation of the rank-order filter, which is established on a parallel-operated array of single-slope (SS) analog-to-digital converters (ADCs). The SS ADCs use an “on-the-ramp processing” technique, i.e., filtration is performed along with analog-to-digital conversion, so the final states of the converters represent a filtered image. A proof-of-concept 64 × 64 array of SS ADCs, integrated with MOS photogates, was fabricated using a standard 180 nm CMOS process. The measurement results demonstrate the full functionality of the novel filter concept, with image acquisition in both single-sampling and correlated-double-sampling (CDS) modes (CDS is digitally performed using ADCs). The experimental, massively parallel rank-order filter can process 650 frames per second with a power consumption of 4.81 mW.
KW - CMOS image sensor
KW - energy efficient rank-order filter
KW - focal-plane processing
KW - global shutter
KW - pixel-level processing
KW - single-slope analog-to-digital converter
KW - vision chip
U2 - 10.3390/electronics13010046
DO - 10.3390/electronics13010046
M3 - Article
SN - 2079-9292
VL - 13
SP - 1
EP - 13
JO - Electronics
JF - Electronics
IS - 1
M1 - e13010046
ER -