TY - JOUR
T1 - Is there a role for oral triple therapy in patients with acute coronary syndromes without atrial fibrillation?
AU - Spinthakis, Nikolaos
AU - Farag, Mohamed
AU - Akhtar, Zaki
AU - Gorog, Diana Adrienne
N1 - © 2018 Bentham Science Publishers
PY - 2018
Y1 - 2018
N2 - BACKGROUND: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients, despite treatment with dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), have up to 10% risk of recurrent major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in the short term.METHODS: Here we review studies using more potent antithrombotic agent combinations to reduce this risk, namely triple therapy (TT) with the addition of an oral anticoagulant, PAR-1 antagonist, or cilostazol to DAPT (mainly aspirin and clopidogrel), and discuss the limitations of trials to date.RESULTS: Generally speaking, TT leads to an increase in bleeding. Vorapaxar showed a signal for reducing ischaemic events, but increased intracranial haemorrhage 3-fold in the subacute phase of ACS, although remains an option for secondary prevention beyond the immediate subacute phase, particularly if prasugrel or ticagrelor are not available. Non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs) all increased bleeding, with only modest reduction in MACE noted with low dose rivaroxaban. Rivaroxaban can be considered combined with aspirin and clopidogrel in ACS patients at high ischaemic and low bleeding risk, without prior stroke/TIA. The combination of P2Y12 inhibitor and NOAC, without aspirin, looks promising. DAPT may be replaced, not by TT, but by dual therapy comprising a NOAC with a P2Y12 inhibitor.CONCLUSION: More potent antithrombotic regimens increase bleeding and should only be considered on an individual basis, after careful risk stratification. Accurate risk stratification of ACS patients, for both ischaemic and bleeding risk, is essential to allow individualised treatment.
AB - BACKGROUND: Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) patients, despite treatment with dual antiplatelet therapy (DAPT), have up to 10% risk of recurrent major adverse cardiac events (MACE) in the short term.METHODS: Here we review studies using more potent antithrombotic agent combinations to reduce this risk, namely triple therapy (TT) with the addition of an oral anticoagulant, PAR-1 antagonist, or cilostazol to DAPT (mainly aspirin and clopidogrel), and discuss the limitations of trials to date.RESULTS: Generally speaking, TT leads to an increase in bleeding. Vorapaxar showed a signal for reducing ischaemic events, but increased intracranial haemorrhage 3-fold in the subacute phase of ACS, although remains an option for secondary prevention beyond the immediate subacute phase, particularly if prasugrel or ticagrelor are not available. Non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOACs) all increased bleeding, with only modest reduction in MACE noted with low dose rivaroxaban. Rivaroxaban can be considered combined with aspirin and clopidogrel in ACS patients at high ischaemic and low bleeding risk, without prior stroke/TIA. The combination of P2Y12 inhibitor and NOAC, without aspirin, looks promising. DAPT may be replaced, not by TT, but by dual therapy comprising a NOAC with a P2Y12 inhibitor.CONCLUSION: More potent antithrombotic regimens increase bleeding and should only be considered on an individual basis, after careful risk stratification. Accurate risk stratification of ACS patients, for both ischaemic and bleeding risk, is essential to allow individualised treatment.
KW - Acute coronary syndromes
KW - Apixaban
KW - Dabigatran
KW - Edoxaban
KW - Newer oral anticoagulants
KW - Rivaroxaban
KW - Thrombosis
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85049964242&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.2174/1570161116666180117105339
DO - 10.2174/1570161116666180117105339
M3 - Review article
C2 - 29345587
SN - 1570-1611
VL - 16
SP - 427
EP - 436
JO - Current vascular pharmacology
JF - Current vascular pharmacology
IS - 5
ER -