Masses, radii, and orbits of small Kepler planets: The transition from gaseous to rocky planets

Geoffrey W. Marcy; Howard Isaacson; Andrew W. Howard; Jason F. Rowe; Jon M. Jenkins; Stephen T. Bryson; David W. Latham; Steve B. Howell; Thomas N. Gautier; Natalie M. Batalha; Leslie Rogers; David Ciardi; Debra A. Fischer; Ronald L. Gilliland; H. Kjeldsen; J. Christensen-Dalsgaard; Daniel Huber; William J. Chaplin; S. Basu; Lars A. Buchhave; Samuel N. Quinn; William J. Borucki; David G. Koch; Roger Hunter; Douglas A. Caldwell; Jeffrey Van Cleve; Rea Kolbl; Lauren M. Weiss; Erik Petigura; Sara Seager; Timothy Morton; John Asher Johnson; Sarah Ballard; Chris Burke; William D. Cochran; Michael Endl; Phillip MacQueen; Mark E. Everett; Jack J. Lissauer; Eric B. Ford; Guillermo Torres; Francois Fressin; Timothy M. Brown; Jason H. Steffen; David Charbonneau; G. Basri; Dimitar D. Sasselov; Joshua Winn; Roberto Sanchis-Ojeda; Jessie Christiansen; Elisabeth Adams; Christopher Henze; Andrea Dupree; Daniel C. Fabrycky; Jonathan J. Fortney; Jill Tarter; Matthew J. Holman; Peter Tenenbaum; Avi Shporer; P.W. Lucas; William F. Welsh; Jerome A. Orosz; T.R. Bedding; T.L. Campante; G.R. Davies; Y. Elsworth; R. Handberg; S. Hekker; C. Karoff; S.D. Kawaler; M.N. Lund; M. Lundkvist; T.S. Metcalfe; A. Miglio; V. Silva Aguirre; D. Stello; T.R. White; Alan Boss; E. DeVore; Alan Gould; A. Prsa; Eric Agol; Thomas Barclay; Jeff Coughlin; Erik Brugamyer; Fergal Mullally; Elisa V. Quintana; Martin Still; Susan E. Thompson; David Morrison; Joseph D. Twicken; Jean-Michel Desert; Josh Carter; Justin R. Crepp; Guillaume Hebrard; Alexandre Santerne; Claire Moutou; Charlie Sobeck; Douglas Hudgins; Michael R. Haas; Paul Robertson; Jorge Lillo-Box; David Barrado

doi:10.1088/0067-0049/210/2/20

Masses, radii, and orbits of small Kepler planets: The transition from gaseous to rocky planets

Geoffrey W. Marcy, Howard Isaacson, Andrew W. Howard, Jason F. Rowe, Jon M. Jenkins, Stephen T. Bryson, David W. Latham, Steve B. Howell, Thomas N. Gautier, Natalie M. Batalha, Leslie Rogers, David Ciardi, Debra A. Fischer, Ronald L. Gilliland, H. Kjeldsen, J. Christensen-Dalsgaard, Daniel Huber, William J. Chaplin, S. Basu, Lars A. BuchhaveSamuel N. Quinn, William J. Borucki, David G. Koch, Roger Hunter, Douglas A. Caldwell, Jeffrey Van Cleve, Rea Kolbl, Lauren M. Weiss, Erik Petigura, Sara Seager, Timothy Morton, John Asher Johnson, Sarah Ballard, Chris Burke, William D. Cochran, Michael Endl, Phillip MacQueen, Mark E. Everett, Jack J. Lissauer, Eric B. Ford, Guillermo Torres, Francois Fressin, Timothy M. Brown, Jason H. Steffen, David Charbonneau, G. Basri, Dimitar D. Sasselov, Joshua Winn, Roberto Sanchis-Ojeda, Jessie Christiansen, Elisabeth Adams, Christopher Henze, Andrea Dupree, Daniel C. Fabrycky, Jonathan J. Fortney, Jill Tarter, Matthew J. Holman, Peter Tenenbaum, Avi Shporer, P.W. Lucas, William F. Welsh, Jerome A. Orosz, T.R. Bedding, T.L. Campante, G.R. Davies, Y. Elsworth, R. Handberg, S. Hekker, C. Karoff, S.D. Kawaler, M.N. Lund, M. Lundkvist, T.S. Metcalfe, A. Miglio, V. Silva Aguirre, D. Stello, T.R. White, Alan Boss, E. DeVore, Alan Gould, A. Prsa, Eric Agol, Thomas Barclay, Jeff Coughlin, Erik Brugamyer, Fergal Mullally, Elisa V. Quintana, Martin Still, Susan E. Thompson, David Morrison, Joseph D. Twicken, Jean-Michel Desert, Josh Carter, Justin R. Crepp, Guillaume Hebrard, Alexandre Santerne, Claire Moutou, Charlie Sobeck, Douglas Hudgins, Michael R. Haas, Paul Robertson, Jorge Lillo-Box, David Barrado

Centre for Astrophysics Research (CAR)

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Abstract

We report on the masses, sizes, and orbits of the planets orbiting 22 Kepler stars. There are 49 planet candidates around these stars, including 42 detected through transits and 7 revealed by precise Doppler measurements of the host stars. Based on an analysis of the Kepler brightness measurements, along with high-resolution imaging and spectroscopy, Doppler spectroscopy, and (for 11 stars) asteroseismology, we establish low false-positive probabilities (FPPs) for all of the transiting planets (41 of 42 have an FPP under 1%), and we constrain their sizes and masses. Most of the transiting planets are smaller than three times the size of Earth. For 16 planets, the Doppler signal was securely detected, providing a direct measurement of the planet's mass. For the other 26 planets we provide either marginal mass measurements or upper limits to their masses and densities; in many cases we can rule out a rocky composition. We identify six planets with densities above 5 g cm^-3, suggesting a mostly rocky interior for them. Indeed, the only planets that are compatible with a purely rocky composition are smaller than 2 R ⊕. Larger planets evidently contain a larger fraction of low-density material (H, He, and H2O).

Original language	English
Article number	20
Journal	Astrophysical Journal, Supplement Series
Volume	210
Issue number	2
DOIs	https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/210/2/20
Publication status	Published - 13 Jan 2014

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Marcy, G. W., Isaacson, H., Howard, A. W., Rowe, J. F., Jenkins, J. M., Bryson, S. T., Latham, D. W., Howell, S. B., Gautier, T. N., Batalha, N. M., Rogers, L., Ciardi, D., Fischer, D. A., Gilliland, R. L., Kjeldsen, H., Christensen-Dalsgaard, J., Huber, D., Chaplin, W. J., Basu, S., ... Barrado, D. (2014). Masses, radii, and orbits of small Kepler planets: The transition from gaseous to rocky planets. Astrophysical Journal, Supplement Series, 210(2), Article 20. https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/210/2/20

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title = "Masses, radii, and orbits of small Kepler planets: The transition from gaseous to rocky planets",

abstract = "We report on the masses, sizes, and orbits of the planets orbiting 22 Kepler stars. There are 49 planet candidates around these stars, including 42 detected through transits and 7 revealed by precise Doppler measurements of the host stars. Based on an analysis of the Kepler brightness measurements, along with high-resolution imaging and spectroscopy, Doppler spectroscopy, and (for 11 stars) asteroseismology, we establish low false-positive probabilities (FPPs) for all of the transiting planets (41 of 42 have an FPP under 1%), and we constrain their sizes and masses. Most of the transiting planets are smaller than three times the size of Earth. For 16 planets, the Doppler signal was securely detected, providing a direct measurement of the planet's mass. For the other 26 planets we provide either marginal mass measurements or upper limits to their masses and densities; in many cases we can rule out a rocky composition. We identify six planets with densities above 5 g cm-3, suggesting a mostly rocky interior for them. Indeed, the only planets that are compatible with a purely rocky composition are smaller than 2 R ⊕. Larger planets evidently contain a larger fraction of low-density material (H, He, and H2O).",

author = "Marcy, {Geoffrey W.} and Howard Isaacson and Howard, {Andrew W.} and Rowe, {Jason F.} and Jenkins, {Jon M.} and Bryson, {Stephen T.} and Latham, {David W.} and Howell, {Steve B.} and Gautier, {Thomas N.} and Batalha, {Natalie M.} and Leslie Rogers and David Ciardi and Fischer, {Debra A.} and Gilliland, {Ronald L.} and H. Kjeldsen and J. Christensen-Dalsgaard and Daniel Huber and Chaplin, {William J.} and S. Basu and Buchhave, {Lars A.} and Quinn, {Samuel N.} and Borucki, {William J.} and Koch, {David G.} and Roger Hunter and Caldwell, {Douglas A.} and {Van Cleve}, Jeffrey and Rea Kolbl and Weiss, {Lauren M.} and Erik Petigura and Sara Seager and Timothy Morton and Johnson, {John Asher} and Sarah Ballard and Chris Burke and Cochran, {William D.} and Michael Endl and Phillip MacQueen and Everett, {Mark E.} and Lissauer, {Jack J.} and Ford, {Eric B.} and Guillermo Torres and Francois Fressin and Brown, {Timothy M.} and Steffen, {Jason H.} and David Charbonneau and G. Basri and Sasselov, {Dimitar D.} and Joshua Winn and Roberto Sanchis-Ojeda and Jessie Christiansen and Elisabeth Adams and Christopher Henze and Andrea Dupree and Fabrycky, {Daniel C.} and Fortney, {Jonathan J.} and Jill Tarter and Holman, {Matthew J.} and Peter Tenenbaum and Avi Shporer and P.W. Lucas and Welsh, {William F.} and Orosz, {Jerome A.} and T.R. Bedding and T.L. Campante and G.R. Davies and Y. Elsworth and R. Handberg and S. Hekker and C. Karoff and S.D. Kawaler and M.N. Lund and M. Lundkvist and T.S. Metcalfe and A. Miglio and {Silva Aguirre}, V. and D. Stello and T.R. White and Alan Boss and E. DeVore and Alan Gould and A. Prsa and Eric Agol and Thomas Barclay and Jeff Coughlin and Erik Brugamyer and Fergal Mullally and Quintana, {Elisa V.} and Martin Still and Thompson, {Susan E.} and David Morrison and Twicken, {Joseph D.} and Jean-Michel Desert and Josh Carter and Crepp, {Justin R.} and Guillaume Hebrard and Alexandre Santerne and Claire Moutou and Charlie Sobeck and Douglas Hudgins and Haas, {Michael R.} and Paul Robertson and Jorge Lillo-Box and David Barrado",

year = "2014",

month = jan,

day = "13",

doi = "10.1088/0067-0049/210/2/20",

language = "English",

volume = "210",

journal = "Astrophysical Journal, Supplement Series",

issn = "0067-0049",

publisher = "IOP Publishing Ltd.",

number = "2",

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Marcy, GW, Isaacson, H, Howard, AW, Rowe, JF, Jenkins, JM, Bryson, ST, Latham, DW, Howell, SB, Gautier, TN, Batalha, NM, Rogers, L, Ciardi, D, Fischer, DA, Gilliland, RL, Kjeldsen, H, Christensen-Dalsgaard, J, Huber, D, Chaplin, WJ, Basu, S, Buchhave, LA, Quinn, SN, Borucki, WJ, Koch, DG, Hunter, R, Caldwell, DA, Van Cleve, J, Kolbl, R, Weiss, LM, Petigura, E, Seager, S, Morton, T, Johnson, JA, Ballard, S, Burke, C, Cochran, WD, Endl, M, MacQueen, P, Everett, ME, Lissauer, JJ, Ford, EB, Torres, G, Fressin, F, Brown, TM, Steffen, JH, Charbonneau, D, Basri, G, Sasselov, DD, Winn, J, Sanchis-Ojeda, R, Christiansen, J, Adams, E, Henze, C, Dupree, A, Fabrycky, DC, Fortney, JJ, Tarter, J, Holman, MJ, Tenenbaum, P, Shporer, A, Lucas, PW, Welsh, WF, Orosz, JA, Bedding, TR, Campante, TL, Davies, GR, Elsworth, Y, Handberg, R, Hekker, S, Karoff, C, Kawaler, SD, Lund, MN, Lundkvist, M, Metcalfe, TS, Miglio, A, Silva Aguirre, V, Stello, D, White, TR, Boss, A, DeVore, E, Gould, A, Prsa, A, Agol, E, Barclay, T, Coughlin, J, Brugamyer, E, Mullally, F, Quintana, EV, Still, M, Thompson, SE, Morrison, D, Twicken, JD, Desert, J-M, Carter, J, Crepp, JR, Hebrard, G, Santerne, A, Moutou, C, Sobeck, C, Hudgins, D, Haas, MR, Robertson, P, Lillo-Box, J & Barrado, D 2014, 'Masses, radii, and orbits of small Kepler planets: The transition from gaseous to rocky planets', Astrophysical Journal, Supplement Series, vol. 210, no. 2, 20. https://doi.org/10.1088/0067-0049/210/2/20

TY - JOUR

T1 - Masses, radii, and orbits of small Kepler planets

T2 - The transition from gaseous to rocky planets

AU - Marcy, Geoffrey W.

AU - Isaacson, Howard

AU - Howard, Andrew W.

AU - Rowe, Jason F.

AU - Jenkins, Jon M.

AU - Bryson, Stephen T.

AU - Latham, David W.

AU - Howell, Steve B.

AU - Gautier, Thomas N.

AU - Batalha, Natalie M.

AU - Rogers, Leslie

AU - Ciardi, David

AU - Fischer, Debra A.

AU - Gilliland, Ronald L.

AU - Kjeldsen, H.

AU - Christensen-Dalsgaard, J.

AU - Huber, Daniel

AU - Chaplin, William J.

AU - Basu, S.

AU - Buchhave, Lars A.

AU - Quinn, Samuel N.

AU - Borucki, William J.

AU - Koch, David G.

AU - Hunter, Roger

AU - Caldwell, Douglas A.

AU - Van Cleve, Jeffrey

AU - Kolbl, Rea

AU - Weiss, Lauren M.

AU - Petigura, Erik

AU - Seager, Sara

AU - Morton, Timothy

AU - Johnson, John Asher

AU - Ballard, Sarah

AU - Burke, Chris

AU - Cochran, William D.

AU - Endl, Michael

AU - MacQueen, Phillip

AU - Everett, Mark E.

AU - Lissauer, Jack J.

AU - Ford, Eric B.

AU - Torres, Guillermo

AU - Fressin, Francois

AU - Brown, Timothy M.

AU - Steffen, Jason H.

AU - Charbonneau, David

AU - Basri, G.

AU - Sasselov, Dimitar D.

AU - Winn, Joshua

AU - Sanchis-Ojeda, Roberto

AU - Christiansen, Jessie

AU - Adams, Elisabeth

AU - Henze, Christopher

AU - Dupree, Andrea

AU - Fabrycky, Daniel C.

AU - Fortney, Jonathan J.

AU - Tarter, Jill

AU - Holman, Matthew J.

AU - Tenenbaum, Peter

AU - Shporer, Avi

AU - Lucas, P.W.

AU - Welsh, William F.

AU - Orosz, Jerome A.

AU - Bedding, T.R.

AU - Campante, T.L.

AU - Davies, G.R.

AU - Elsworth, Y.

AU - Handberg, R.

AU - Hekker, S.

AU - Karoff, C.

AU - Kawaler, S.D.

AU - Lund, M.N.

AU - Lundkvist, M.

AU - Metcalfe, T.S.

AU - Miglio, A.

AU - Silva Aguirre, V.

AU - Stello, D.

AU - White, T.R.

AU - Boss, Alan

AU - DeVore, E.

AU - Gould, Alan

AU - Prsa, A.

AU - Agol, Eric

AU - Barclay, Thomas

AU - Coughlin, Jeff

AU - Brugamyer, Erik

AU - Mullally, Fergal

AU - Quintana, Elisa V.

AU - Still, Martin

AU - Thompson, Susan E.

AU - Morrison, David

AU - Twicken, Joseph D.

AU - Desert, Jean-Michel

AU - Carter, Josh

AU - Crepp, Justin R.

AU - Hebrard, Guillaume

AU - Santerne, Alexandre

AU - Moutou, Claire

AU - Sobeck, Charlie

AU - Hudgins, Douglas

AU - Haas, Michael R.

AU - Robertson, Paul

AU - Lillo-Box, Jorge

AU - Barrado, David

PY - 2014/1/13

Y1 - 2014/1/13

N2 - We report on the masses, sizes, and orbits of the planets orbiting 22 Kepler stars. There are 49 planet candidates around these stars, including 42 detected through transits and 7 revealed by precise Doppler measurements of the host stars. Based on an analysis of the Kepler brightness measurements, along with high-resolution imaging and spectroscopy, Doppler spectroscopy, and (for 11 stars) asteroseismology, we establish low false-positive probabilities (FPPs) for all of the transiting planets (41 of 42 have an FPP under 1%), and we constrain their sizes and masses. Most of the transiting planets are smaller than three times the size of Earth. For 16 planets, the Doppler signal was securely detected, providing a direct measurement of the planet's mass. For the other 26 planets we provide either marginal mass measurements or upper limits to their masses and densities; in many cases we can rule out a rocky composition. We identify six planets with densities above 5 g cm-3, suggesting a mostly rocky interior for them. Indeed, the only planets that are compatible with a purely rocky composition are smaller than 2 R ⊕. Larger planets evidently contain a larger fraction of low-density material (H, He, and H2O).

AB - We report on the masses, sizes, and orbits of the planets orbiting 22 Kepler stars. There are 49 planet candidates around these stars, including 42 detected through transits and 7 revealed by precise Doppler measurements of the host stars. Based on an analysis of the Kepler brightness measurements, along with high-resolution imaging and spectroscopy, Doppler spectroscopy, and (for 11 stars) asteroseismology, we establish low false-positive probabilities (FPPs) for all of the transiting planets (41 of 42 have an FPP under 1%), and we constrain their sizes and masses. Most of the transiting planets are smaller than three times the size of Earth. For 16 planets, the Doppler signal was securely detected, providing a direct measurement of the planet's mass. For the other 26 planets we provide either marginal mass measurements or upper limits to their masses and densities; in many cases we can rule out a rocky composition. We identify six planets with densities above 5 g cm-3, suggesting a mostly rocky interior for them. Indeed, the only planets that are compatible with a purely rocky composition are smaller than 2 R ⊕. Larger planets evidently contain a larger fraction of low-density material (H, He, and H2O).

U2 - 10.1088/0067-0049/210/2/20

DO - 10.1088/0067-0049/210/2/20

M3 - Article

AN - SCOPUS:84893173199

SN - 0067-0049

VL - 210

JO - Astrophysical Journal, Supplement Series

JF - Astrophysical Journal, Supplement Series

IS - 2

M1 - 20

ER -

Masses, radii, and orbits of small Kepler planets: The transition from gaseous to rocky planets

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