Mathematical Modeling of PI3K/Akt Pathway in Microglia

The motility of microglia involves intracellular signaling pathways that are predominantly controlled by changes in cytosolic Ca ²⁺ and activation of PI3K/Akt (phosphoinositide-3-kinase/protein kinase B). In this letter, we develop a novel biophysical model for cytosolic Ca ²⁺ activation of the PI3K/Akt pathway in microglia where Ca ²⁺ influx is mediated by both P2Y purinergic receptors (P2YR) and P2X purinergic receptors (P2XR). The model parameters are estimated by employing optimization techniques to fit the model to phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) experimental modeling/in vitro data. The integrated model supports the hypothesis that Ca ²⁺ influx via P2YR and P2XR can explain the experimentally reported biphasic transient responses in measuring pAkt levels. Our predictions reveal new quantitative insights into P2Rs on how they regulate Ca ²⁺ and Akt in terms of physiological interactions and transient responses. It is shown that the upregulation of P2X receptors through a repetitive application of agonist results in a continual increase in the baseline [Ca ²⁺], which causes the biphasic response to become a monophasic response which prolongs elevated levels of pAkt.