TY - JOUR
T1 - Nutritional intake after liver transplant: systematic review and meta-analysis
AU - Spillman, Lynsey N
AU - Madden, Angela M
AU - Richardson, Holly
AU - Imamura, Fumiaki
AU - Jones, Danielle
AU - Hagan, Marilyn
AU - Lim, Hong Kai
AU - Hellawell, Holly N
AU - Rennie, Kirsten L
AU - Oude Griep, Linda M
AU - Allison, Michael
AU - Griffin, Simon J
PY - 2023/5/26
Y1 - 2023/5/26
N2 - Abstract: Cardiovascular disease and its risk factors are prevalent after liver transplant (LT). Most risk factors are modifiable by diet. We aimed to synthesise the literature reporting nutritional intake of liver transplant recipients (LTR) and potential determinants of intake. We performed a systematic review and meta-analyses of studies published up until July 2021 reporting nutritional intake of LTR. Pooled daily mean intakes were 1998 (95% CI 1889, 2108) kcal, 17 (17, 18) % energy from protein, 49 (48, 51) % energy from carbohydrates, 34 (33, 35) % energy from total fat, 10 (7, 13) % energy from saturated fat, and 20 (18, 21) g fibre. Average fruit and vegetable intake ranged from 105 to 418 g/day. Time post-LT, age, sex, continent and year of publication were sources of heter-ogeneity. Nine studies investigated potential determinants of intake, time-post LT, sex and immu-nosuppression medication, with inconclusive results. Energy and protein requirements were not met in the first month post-transplant. After this, energy intake was significantly higher and remained stable over time, with a high fat intake and low intakes of fibre, fruits and vegetables. This suggests that LTR consume a high-energy, low-quality diet long-term and do not adhere to dietary guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention.
AB - Abstract: Cardiovascular disease and its risk factors are prevalent after liver transplant (LT). Most risk factors are modifiable by diet. We aimed to synthesise the literature reporting nutritional intake of liver transplant recipients (LTR) and potential determinants of intake. We performed a systematic review and meta-analyses of studies published up until July 2021 reporting nutritional intake of LTR. Pooled daily mean intakes were 1998 (95% CI 1889, 2108) kcal, 17 (17, 18) % energy from protein, 49 (48, 51) % energy from carbohydrates, 34 (33, 35) % energy from total fat, 10 (7, 13) % energy from saturated fat, and 20 (18, 21) g fibre. Average fruit and vegetable intake ranged from 105 to 418 g/day. Time post-LT, age, sex, continent and year of publication were sources of heter-ogeneity. Nine studies investigated potential determinants of intake, time-post LT, sex and immu-nosuppression medication, with inconclusive results. Energy and protein requirements were not met in the first month post-transplant. After this, energy intake was significantly higher and remained stable over time, with a high fat intake and low intakes of fibre, fruits and vegetables. This suggests that LTR consume a high-energy, low-quality diet long-term and do not adhere to dietary guidelines for cardiovascular disease prevention.
KW - Liver transplant; diet; nutrition.
U2 - https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112487
DO - https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112487
M3 - Article
VL - 15
SP - 2487
JO - Nutrients
JF - Nutrients
SN - 2072-6643
IS - 11
M1 - https://doi.org/10.3390/nu15112487
ER -