TY - JOUR
T1 - The LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey Deep fields:
T2 - The star formation rate - radio luminosity relation at low frequencies
AU - Smith, D. J. B.
AU - Haskell, P.
AU - Gürkan, G.
AU - Best, P. N.
AU - Hardcastle, M. J.
AU - Kondapally, R.
AU - Williams, W.
AU - Duncan, K. J.
AU - Cochrane, R. K.
AU - McCheyne, I.
AU - Röttgering, H. J. A.
AU - Sabater, J.
AU - Shimwell, T. W.
AU - Tasse, C.
AU - Bonato, M.
AU - Bondi, M.
AU - Jarvis, M. J.
AU - Leslie, S. K.
AU - Prandoni, I.
AU - Wang, L.
N1 - © 2020 ESO. This is the accepted manuscript version of an article which has been published in final form at https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202039343
Funding Information:
cA knowledgements. The authors would like to thank the anonymous reviewer for a positive and constructive report which has improved the quality of the paper. M.J.H. acknowledges support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/R000905/1). R.K. acknowledges support from the Science and Technology Facilities Council (STFC) through an STFC studentship via grant ST/R504737/1. K.J.D. and H.R. acknowledge support from the ERC Advanced Investigator programme NewClusters 321271. I.M. acknowledges support from STFC via grant ST/R505146/1. P.N.B. and J.S. are grateful for support from the UK STFC via grant ST/R000972/1. M.J.J. acknowledges support from the UK Science and Technology Facilities Council (ST/N000919/1) and the Oxford Hintze Centre for Astrophysical Surveys which is funded through generous support from the Hintze Family Charitable Foundation. M.Bo. acknowledges support from INAF under PRIN SKA/CTA FORECaST and from the Minis-tero degli Affari Esteri della Cooperazione Internazionale – Direzione Generale per la Promozione del Sistema Paese Progetto di Grande Rilevanza ZA18GR02. I.P. acknowledges support from INAF under the SKA/CTA PRIN “FORECaST” and the PRIN MAIN STREAM “SAuROS” projects. This research has made use of NASA’s Astrophysics Data System Bibliographic Services. LOFAR (van Haarlem et al. 2013) is the Low Frequency Array designed and constructed by ASTRON. It has observing, data processing, and data storage facilities in several countries, which are owned by various parties (each with their own funding sources), and that are collectively operated by the ILT foundation under a joint scientific policy. The ILT resources have benefited from the following recent major funding sources: CNRS-INSU, Observatoire de Paris and Université d‘Orléans, France; BMBF, MIWF-NRW, MPG, Germany; Science Foundation Ireland (SFI), Department of Business, Enterprise and Innovation (DBEI), Ireland; NWO, The Netherlands; The Science and Technology Facilities Council, UK; Ministry of Science and Higher Education, Poland; The Istituto Nazionale di Astrofisica (INAF), Italy. This research made use of the Dutch national e-infrastructure with support of the SURF Cooperative (e-infra 180169) and the LOFAR e-infra group. The Jülich LOFAR Long Term Archive and the German LOFAR network are both coordinated and operated by the Jülich Supercomputing Centre (JSC), and computing resources on the supercomputer JUWELS at JSC were provided by the Gauss Centre for Supercomputing e.V. (grant CHTB00) through the John von Neumann Institute for Computing (NIC). This research made use of the University of Hertfordshire high-performance computing facility and the LOFAR-UK computing facility located at the University of Hertfordshire and supported by STFC [ST/P000096/1], and of the Italian LOFAR IT computing infrastructure supported and operated by INAF, and by the Physics Department of Turin University (under an agreement with Consorzio Interuni-versitario per la Fisica Spaziale) at the C3S Supercomputing Centre, Italy.
Publisher Copyright:
© ESO 2021.
PY - 2021/4/7
Y1 - 2021/4/7
N2 - In this paper, we investigate the relationship between 150 MHz luminosity and the star-formation rate - the SFR-L150 MHz relation - using 150 MHz measurements for a near-infrared selected sample of 118 517 z < 1 galaxies. New radio survey data offer compelling advantages over previous generation surveys for studying star formation in galaxies, including huge increases in sensitivity, survey speed, and resolution, while remaining impervious to extinction. The LOFAR Surveys Key Science Project is transforming our understanding of the low-frequency radio sky, with the 150 MHz data over the European Large Area Infrared Space Observatory Survey-North 1 field reaching an rms sensitivity of 20 μJy beam over 10 deg at 6 arcsec resolution. All of the galaxies studied have SFR and stellar mass estimates that were derived from energy balance spectral energy distribution fitting using redshifts and aperture-matched forced photometry from the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) Deep Fields data release. The impact of active galactic nuclei (AGN) is minimised by leveraging the deep ancillary data in the LoTSS data release, alongside median-likelihood methods that we demonstrate are resistant to AGN contamination. We find a linear and non-evolving SFR-L150 MHz relation, apparently consistent with expectations based on calorimetric arguments, down to the lowest SFRs < 0.01M yr. However, we also recover compelling evidence for stellar mass dependence in line with previous work on this topic, in the sense that higher mass galaxies have a larger 150 MHz luminosity at a given SFR, suggesting that the overall agreement with calorimetric arguments may be a coincidence. We conclude that, in the absence of AGN, 150 MHz observations can be used to measure accurate galaxy SFRs out to z = 1 at least, but it is necessary to account for stellar mass in the estimation in order to obtain 150 MHz-derived SFRs accurate to better than 0.5 dex. Our best-fit relation is log10(L150 MHz ∕ W Hz) = (0.90 ± 0.01)log10(ψ∕ M yr) + (0.33 ± 0.04)log10(M∕ 10M ) + 22.22 ± 0.02.
AB - In this paper, we investigate the relationship between 150 MHz luminosity and the star-formation rate - the SFR-L150 MHz relation - using 150 MHz measurements for a near-infrared selected sample of 118 517 z < 1 galaxies. New radio survey data offer compelling advantages over previous generation surveys for studying star formation in galaxies, including huge increases in sensitivity, survey speed, and resolution, while remaining impervious to extinction. The LOFAR Surveys Key Science Project is transforming our understanding of the low-frequency radio sky, with the 150 MHz data over the European Large Area Infrared Space Observatory Survey-North 1 field reaching an rms sensitivity of 20 μJy beam over 10 deg at 6 arcsec resolution. All of the galaxies studied have SFR and stellar mass estimates that were derived from energy balance spectral energy distribution fitting using redshifts and aperture-matched forced photometry from the LOFAR Two-metre Sky Survey (LoTSS) Deep Fields data release. The impact of active galactic nuclei (AGN) is minimised by leveraging the deep ancillary data in the LoTSS data release, alongside median-likelihood methods that we demonstrate are resistant to AGN contamination. We find a linear and non-evolving SFR-L150 MHz relation, apparently consistent with expectations based on calorimetric arguments, down to the lowest SFRs < 0.01M yr. However, we also recover compelling evidence for stellar mass dependence in line with previous work on this topic, in the sense that higher mass galaxies have a larger 150 MHz luminosity at a given SFR, suggesting that the overall agreement with calorimetric arguments may be a coincidence. We conclude that, in the absence of AGN, 150 MHz observations can be used to measure accurate galaxy SFRs out to z = 1 at least, but it is necessary to account for stellar mass in the estimation in order to obtain 150 MHz-derived SFRs accurate to better than 0.5 dex. Our best-fit relation is log10(L150 MHz ∕ W Hz) = (0.90 ± 0.01)log10(ψ∕ M yr) + (0.33 ± 0.04)log10(M∕ 10M ) + 22.22 ± 0.02.
KW - Galaxies: star formation
KW - Radio continuum: galaxies
UR - http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?scp=85102947098&partnerID=8YFLogxK
U2 - 10.1051/0004-6361/202039343
DO - 10.1051/0004-6361/202039343
M3 - Article
SN - 0004-6361
VL - 648
JO - Astronomy & Astrophysics
JF - Astronomy & Astrophysics
IS - April 2021
M1 - A6
ER -