University of Hertfordshire

Despite the acknowledgement of the significance of income, affordability and cultural factors in using mobilephones research, there are few studies on how these factors affect females’ use of mobile technology. Hence, thispaper aims to expand knowledge on female consumers’ use of mobile phones and mobile applications indeveloping countries. It develops a model based on combining the extended unified theory of acceptance and useof technology and the cultural influence model. Multi-stage cluster sampling was used to distribute hard copyquestionnaires in Jordanian, Iraqi and UAE households led to 629 replies from female consumers. The resultsindicated that although income is an important factor, cost is not the highest barrier for females. Culture, society,national IT development and inclusive policies play a key role. This study contributes to existing literature byproposing a new integrated model acknowledging the role of income for females’ use of mobile phones.